A comparative Analysis of the Role of the Inner Courtyard in Promoting Environmental Sustainability: a Case Study Between Traditional and Modern Housing in the Derna City, Libya
- Authors
-
-
Georgette George Jreidini
Department of Architecture, Libyan Academy for Postgraduate Studies – Derna Branch, LibyaAuthor -
Bilal Rafia Abd Ati
Department of Architecture, University of Derna, LibyaAuthor -
Fadlalla Rafh Abdelati
Department of Architecture, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, LibyaAuthor -
Muftah G. E. Muftah
Department of Architecture, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, LibyaAuthor
-
- Keywords:
- Sustainability, Courtyard, Traditional Architecture, Thermal Comfort, Environmental Strategies, Derna.
- Abstract
-
The application of sustainable environmental design principles represents a pivotal architectural approach, particularly in hot-humid climate zones such as Derna, Libya. This strategy seeks to achieve thermal comfort for housing occupants by harnessing natural energy resources and minimizing reliance on conventional energy systems. Among the most prominent features of traditional Derna architecture is the central courtyard, which plays a pivotal role in enhancing natural ventilation and daylighting, and ensuring privacy. This study employs a dual-method approach: a descriptive method to explore the concepts of sustainable environmental design, and a comparative method to examine key differences between traditional and modern residential architecture in Derna. The study aims to highlight the potential of environmentally and economically sustainable practices, and to evaluate the courtyard’s effectiveness as a design element integrating environmental and social needs. The findings demonstrate that traditional dwellings in Derna effectively employed intelligent environmental solutions such as thermally responsive building envelopes, strategically oriented openings, integration of green spaces, and the use of locally appropriate materials. Conversely, modern dwellings lacked these strategies, resulting in higher energy consumption and reduced quality of life. The study recommends reintegrating traditional elements, particularly the inner courtyard, into contemporary designs to create sustainable residential environments that align with local climatic and social characteristics
- Downloads
-
Download data is not yet available.
- References
-
المراجع:
اولا – المراجع العربية:
. إبراهيم، عبد الباقي، محمد. (1990). تأصيل القيم الحضارية في بناء المدينة الإسلامية المعاصرة. القاهرة: دار الفكر الإسلامي.
. الفلاح، مبروكة، يوسف. (2021). إحياء دور الفناء الداخلي للمسكن التقليدي كنموذج للتصميم المستدام المعاصر في ليبيا. مجلة العمارة والبيئة، جامعة طرابلس.
. القرداعي، امجد، محمد. (2012). الاستدامة في العمارة المحلية: إمكانية تطبيق مبادئ الاستدامة في المسكن المحلي – مدينة السليمانية. مجلة العمارة والتخطيط، العدد 26.
. الماجري، غادة، خالد. (2010). البيئة والعمارة المحلية: دراسة تحليلية لمدينة درنة القديمة. مدونة الميراث. تم الاسترجاع من https://mirathlibya.blogspot.com/2010/07/blog-post.html
5. الشريف، اسامة، محمد، طاهر. (2019). استدامة العمارة الطرابلسية في ظل أزمة الهوية وضياع الملامح المعمارية. المؤتمر الدولي للعلوم التقنية، طرابلس: هيئة أبحاث العلوم الطبيعية.
6. حجازي، حنان. (2011). إعادة توظيف العناصر المعمارية التقليدية في المسكن الحجازي المعاصر. مجلة بحوث التربية النوعية، 20(خاص)، 509–531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mbse.2011.144957
. عبد الله، هبة.،حسين، منى طه.،عمر، رضوى محمد.، & جاويش،عمرو محمد.(2022). الفناء وأهميته الوظيفية في العمائر الدينية والمدنية خلال العصر الإسلامي. المجلة الدولية للدراسات السياحية والفندقية (IJTHS)، 2(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/ijthsx.2021.100273.1015
. اللافي، جمال، الهمالي. (2009). أنماط البيوت التقليدية في ليبيا: المنزل ذو الفناء (الحوش). طرابلس.
. الثابت، يحي،سالم. (2023). دراسة مقارنة بين البيت القديم والبيت الحديث. جامعة بنغازي.
. زايد، عبد الرحمن. (2018). مقارنة نماذج تحليلية للمسكن الليبي القديم والمعاصر من منظور الاستدامة البيئية. المجلة العربية للبيئة والتنمية المستدامة، 12(3).
ساسي، أيمان، عطية. (2018). المباني منخفضة الطاقة: دراسة حالة مدينة درنة (رسالة ماجستير). جامعة شانكيا، أنقرة.
كلية الفنون والتصميم، قسم التصميم الداخلي والأثاث. (2014، 6 أغسطس). نظام التحكم في تكييف الهواء (IDF3204) – محاضرة. د. أميرة فوزي ألماظ.
Slideserve. https://www.slideserve.com/atara/faculty-of-arts-and-design-dept-of-interior-design-and-furniture
ثانيا – المراجع الاجنبية:
Al-Sallal, K. A. (2016). Low Energy Low Carbon Architecture: Recent Advances & Future Directions. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b19882
Attia, S. (2020). Regenerative and Positive Impact Architecture: Learning from Case Studies. Springer
Bahammam, A. (2016). Contemporary use of the courtyard in housing: A case from Saudi Arabia. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(3), 352–365.
. Elgendy, K. (2016). Sustainable Architecture in Hot Climates: Strategies for the Middle East. Routledg
Elbasha, H. A. (2025). Traditional ecological design in Libya: A study in the sustainability and environmental adaptation of local architecture. Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering, 9(4), Article 001. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2025.v09i04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2025.v09i04.001
Edwards, B. (2010). Rough Guide to Sustainability. RIBA Publishing.
Fathy, H. (1986). Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. University of Chicago Press.
Givoni, B. (1998). Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design. Wiley.
Gaber, A. A. A. (2021). A legislative agenda for sustainable design: Islamic architecture as a guideline for formulating the legislations of sustainable design. Mansoura Engineering Journal, 46(1), 1–14. https://journals.ekb.eg/article_159477_3eba2eb3202c802965026621c3e98e56.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2021.159477
Harby, S. (2008). Invitational Travel: Syria & Jordan. Stephen Harby Associates. https://www.stephenharby.com/Stephen_Harby/Invitational_Travel_files/syria_jordan_08_itn.pdf
Mehta, M., Scarborough, W., & Armpriest, D. (2013). Building Construction: Principles, Materials, and Systems (2nd ed.). Pearson.
Olgyay, V. (1963). Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. Princeton University Press.
Shashua-Bar, L., Tzamir, Y., & Hoffman, M. E. (2011). Thermal effects of building geometry and greenery on microclimate in hot arid urban environments. Building and Environment, 46(2), 213–221.
Sayigh, A. (2013). Sustainability, Energy and Architecture: Case Studies in Realizing Green Buildings. Elsevier.
The New Times. (2020, February 24). Rwanda eyes $1m to promote green building technologies. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/174348/News/rwanda-eyes-1m-to-promote-green-building-technologies
- Downloads
- Published
- 2025-05-02
- Issue
- Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025)
- Section
- Case Study
- License
-
Copyright (c) 2025 Georgette George Jreidini, Bilal Rafi Abdel Ati, Fadlallah Rafi Abdel Ati, Muftah Jumaa Muftah Ali (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Similar Articles
- Mustaf Benhkoma, Heiam Hamed, Fatima Maiteeq, Hana Hamhour, Hosam Ashokri, Aisha Ellafi, The Environmental Status of Healthcare Facilities and Sustainability Prospects in Zliten Municipality , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025)
- Dr . Masoud Masoud Zatout , Saleh Mohammed Jaballah , Food Richness Assessment using the Nutritional Status Index (TSI) in Wadi Al-Hamas in Northeast Libya , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023)
- Mumin S. I. J, Embarek, A. F. B., Influence of Storage Time and Packaging Type on the Quality of Wheat Verities , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024)
- Masoud Moustafa Zatout, Essam Moustafa Shanib, Al-Mutasim Billah al-Naili , Rawida Muhammad, Allelopathic Effects of Tecoma stans & Ficus Nitida on Germination and Growth of Barley Crop , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025)
- Soad ISSA , Alaa hawaidi , Anass Algethi , A Smart Student Attendance System Using the R305 Fingerprint Sensor and Arduino Uno: A Case Study at the College of Technical Sciences – Derna , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025)
- Abdulrazag M Mousa Elmahoub , Ali M Abdulrahim Saed , Abdulkaleq Adam A Mousa , Indiscriminate urbanization in the northeastern city of Derna and its impact on urban planning , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023)
- Sana A. Alsanussi , Abdulsalam M. Agwaidar , Abdulmutalib H. Ali , Field Analysis of Noise Pollution Levels in Al-Bayda City , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025)
- Fatma A. Elgnashi , Mohammed T. Noor Eldeen , The quality of academic performance as students realize and its relationship to academic achievement in the partial exam of the Biology Division in some scientific courses , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023)
- Asmaa Qadri Alatrash, Eman Attai Sasi, Reasons for the Delay in Implementing the Al-Husayn SchemeUntil Mid-2024 , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.



