( Withdrawn ) Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among School Children in Tobruk City, Libya
- Authors
-
-
Khadeejah Miftah Ali Al-Khurm
Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tobruk university, Tobruk, Libya.Author -
Rihab Othman Abdulrraziq
Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tobruk university, Tobruk, Libya.Author -
Mohammed Mansour Saeid
Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tobruk university, Tobruk, Libya.Author
-
- Keywords:
- Vitamin D Deficiency, School children, Tobruk, Eastern Libya
- Abstract
-
( Withdrawn )
A recent cross-sectional investigation in Tobruk, Libya, has uncovered a public health crisis of vitamin D deficiency among its pediatric population. The study, which surveyed 540 school children aged 6 to 14, determined that an alarming 87% were deficient in this essential nutrient. This issue, a known global health concern even in sun-replete areas like North Africa, was found to be statistically more acute in females (89.0%) than in males (84.1%). The methodological approach involved random sampling from four health centers and quantification of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] via chemiluminescence immunoassay, with deficiency defined by established clinical standards. Age-stratified data pinpointed specific high-risk groups: males aged 6–7 years (90.9% prevalence) and females aged 13–14 years (90.6% prevalence). Despite the severity of the deficiency, associated hypocalcemia was a rare finding, identified in only five cases. Given the critical nature of these results, the study concludes that immediate and targeted public health interventions are imperative. The high prevalence, particularly among young boys and adolescent girls, necessitates a multi-faceted strategy encompassing supplementation programs, food fortification, and educational campaigns on safe sun exposure to avert long-term health consequences in this vulnerable demographic.
- Downloads
-
Download data is not yet available.
- References
-
Al-Daghri, N. M., Al-Saleh, Y., Aljohani, N. J., Al-Attas, O. S., Alokail, M. S., Alfawaz, H., ... & Chrousos, G. P. (2017). Vitamin D status correction and cardiometabolic risks in Saudi children and adolescents. Nutrients, 9(6), 546. doi:10.3390/nu9060546
Aranow, C. (2011). Vitamin D and the immune system. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 59(6), 881-886. doi:10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755
Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2005). The metabolic syndrome. The Lancet, 365(9468), 1415-1428. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7
Foo, L. H., Zhang, Q., Zhu, K., Ma, G., Hu, X., Greenfield, H., & Fraser, D. R. (2009). Relationship between vitamin D status, body composition and physical exercise of adolescent girls in Beijing. Osteoporosis International, 20(3), 417-425. doi:10.1007/s00198-008-0667-2
Ganmaa, D., Stuart, J. J., Sumberzul, N., Ninjin, B., Giovannucci, E., Kleinman, K., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2017). Vitamin D supplementation and growth in urban Mongol school children: Results from two randomized clinical trials. PLoS One, 12(5), e0175237. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175237
Gilbert-Diamond, D., Baylin, A., Mora-Plazas, M., Villamor, E. (2010). Vitamin D deficiency and anthropometric indicators of adiposity in school-age children: a prospective study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 92(6), 1446-1451. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29746
Hassan, N. E., El-Masry, S. A., Mehrez, M. A., El-Gerbed, N. M. A., & Foad, M. A. (2017). Vitamin D deficiency among healthy Egyptian adolescents. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71(2), 195-199. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.179
Hazell, T. J., Gallo, S., Vanstone, C. A., Agellon, S., Rodd, C., & Weiler, H. A. (2017). Vitamin D supplementation trial in infancy: body composition effects at 3 years of age in a prospective follow-up study from Montréal. Pediatric Obesity, 12(1), 38-47. doi:10.1111/ijpo.12105
Holick, M. F. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357(3), 266-281. doi:10.1056/NEJMra070553
Holick, M. F., Binkley, N. C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Hanley, D. A., Heaney, R. P., ... & Weaver, C. M. (2011). Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(7), 1911-1930. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385
Knuth, M. M., Mahapatra, D., Jima, D., Kapa, L., Perkins, C., El-Nachef, W., ... & Damoiseaux, R. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency serves as a precursor to stunted growth and central adiposity in zebrafish. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 16032. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72622-2
Lehtonen-Veromaa, M. K. M., Möttönen, T. T., Nuotio, I. O., Irjala, K. M. A., & Viikari, J. S. A. (2002). Vitamin D and attainment of peak bone mass among peripubertal Finnish girls: A 3-y prospective study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76(6), 1446–1453. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1446
Mokhtar, R. R., Holick, M. F., Sempértegui, F., Griffiths, J. K., Estrella, B., & Hamer, D. H. (2018). Vitamin D status is associated with underweight and stunting in children aged 6-36 months residing in the Ecuadorian Andes. Public Health Nutrition, 21(11), 1974-1985. doi:10.1017/S1368980017002816
Pekkinen, M., Viljakainen, H., Saarnio, E., Lamberg-Allardt, C., & Mäkitie, O. (2012). Vitamin D is a major determinant of bone mineral density at school age. PLoS One, 7(7), e40090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040090
Plesner, J. L., Dahl, M., Fonvig, C. E., Nielsen, T. R. H., Kloppenborg, J. T., Pedersen, O., ... & Holm, J. C. (2018). Obesity is associated with vitamin D deficiency in Danish children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 31(1), 53-61. doi:10.1515/jpem-2017-0246
Polly, P., & Tan, T. C. (2014). The role of vitamin D in skeletal and cardiac muscle function. Frontiers in Physiology, 5, 145. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00145
Prasad, P., & Kochhar, A. (2016). Interplay of vitamin D and metabolic syndrome: A review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 10(2), 105-112. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2015.02.014
Roth, D. E., Abrams, S. A., Aloia, J., Bergeron, G., Calvo, M. S., Cashman, K. D., ... & Whiting, S. J. (2018). Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: A roadmap for action in low- and middle-income countries. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1430(1), 44-79. doi:10.1111/nyas.13968
Samuel, S., & Sitrin, M. D. (2008). Vitamin D's role in cell proliferation and differentiation. Nutrition Reviews, 66(Suppl. 2), S116-S124. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00094.x
Szymczak-Pajor, I., & Śliwińska, A. (2019). Analysis of association between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance. Nutrients, 11(4), 794. doi:10.3390/nu11040794
Theodoratou, E., Tzoulaki, I., Zgaga, L., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2014). Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. The BMJ, 348, g2035. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2035
Trilok-Kumar, G., Kaur, M., Rehman, A. M., Kärki, K., Al-Saffar, N., Singh, R., ... & Sachdev, H. P. S. (2015). Effects of vitamin D supplementation in infancy on growth, bone parameters, body composition and gross motor development at age 3-6 years: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(3), 894-905. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv116
Zakharova, I., Klimov, L., Kuryaninova, V., Nikitina, I., Malyavskaya, S., Dolbnya, S., ... & Kasyanova, A. (2019). Vitamin D insufficiency in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 103. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00103
- Downloads
- Published
- 2025-07-03
- Issue
- Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025)
- Section
- Original Articles
- License
-
Copyright (c) 2025 Khadeejah Miftah Ali Al-Khurm, Rihab Othman Abdulrraziq , Mohammed Mansour Saeid (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Similar Articles
- Ali Zbida, Mohammed Mftah Zayed, Salma Salem, Ekram Mustafa, Sumaya Ezulden, Aisha Mohammed, Munyah Abdullah, Wijdan Abdulbasset, The Incidence of Pinworm Enterobius Vermicularis Among School Children Aged 6-10 , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025)
- Abd Al-Salam Salem Masoud Al-Busaifi, A prospective Study to investigate the Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Pregnant Women , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025)
- Fathia Eessa faid , Mustafa Mohamed Drah , Salwa Muftah Eljamay , Exploring Age-Related Patterns in Vitamin D Deficiency and Gender Variations , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025)
- Fathia Eessa faid, Aziza M Agwaida Alsheekh, Maryam Fawzi Abais, Salwa Muftah Eljamay , Vitamin D Deficiency Relationship with Age and Gender , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025)
- Nesreen Hossen, Yasmin Younas Sulayman , Khadeejah M.A. AL-Khurum, Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents in Tobruk City, Libya , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025)
- Aziza.M. AGWAIDA.ALSHEEKH , Salwa Muftah Eljamay, Embrika. M.Algadar, The Relationship between Vitamin D Deficiency and Anemia and it's Risk in Females , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024)
- Musbah. E. Almbsuot, Amal. Rajab, Esraa. A. Muhammad, Halima M. Alhadi, Hadeel. E. Amara, Monia. A.Almahdi, Prevalence of Anemia Among University Students; Tarhuna, Libya , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025)
- Fatalla Merjan Daboos, Eisa S Omar, Osama Muftah Ahmed, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pus Samples in Tobruk Medical Center at Tobruk, Libya , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025)
- Abdelhaq Elmansori, Ezzidin Ellafi, Khalid Alamismaery, Adel Eljamel, Farag Bensoaoud, Nagi M Adem, The Effect of Ketamine and Fentanyl on Emergence Agitation after Sevoflurane-Based Anesthesia in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy with or without Adenoidectomy: A Randomized Blind Comparison Study. , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024)
- Salem F Gerbadi, Osama. M. EL-barasi2, Adel R Elawame , Adel R Elawame , Alaa I Boleqacim , Aya abd salam Almsmary, Kamla A Al Akari, Mabroka K Bader, Rouya h AlMuzaini, Comparing Hospital Admission for Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19 in Pediatric Department , Derna Academy Journal for Applied Sciences: Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.



